ࡱ> QPfC(   ,Einar.braathen@nibr.no:mailto:Einar.braathen@nibr.no/ 0LDArialܖ 0ܖ0tt| 0@ . @n?" dd@  @@``  D0      0AA0 2@2ʚ;ʚ;g4KdKd( 0 ppp@ <4dddd@w 0t| 0___PPT10 pp___PPT9ph  ,  c=dICT and poverty  a community based user approach*3(( $b Einar.braathen@nibr.no Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research (Oslo) Symposium Netsuds, Dakar, 26-28. November 2007PZ   0The P-ICT-URE   Poverty & Information and Communication Technology systems in Urban and Rural Eastern Africa (PICTURE Africa) Case Studies from Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda, 2007-2010 Funded by International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada&Z  Theoretical framework: Micro-economic and social consequences of ICT Methodological approach: innovative combination of quantitative, qualitative, and quasi-experimental data, a panel of 1800 households. Follow-up of the recently completed Research ICT Africa (RIA) study In Tanzania: an intervention designed to enhance ICT usage to an experimental group, while gathering information from a similar control group in which the intervention is withheld Z.ZZkZZ.- (n   A   :The  ICT and poverty project6 jA spin-off of PICTURE, pendant to the Tanzanian experimental design Co-operation NIBR (Oslo) and University of Kwa-Zulu Natal (Durban), 2007-2010 Funded by the South African  Norwegian Research Cooperation Programme Combines with the political economy approach of the LINK Centre (Witwaterstand University) 6Z6           8Background: The failure of universal access to ICT in SA99(Z  :46.9 % of the households have access to telecommunications, a  near-universal coverage . 56 % of the network is mobile cellular: The cell phone revolution has been at the cost of expanded fixed network, and provides no affordable access to internet and web services. 7 % - the white and wealthy families  are connected to internet through a home computer.  The digital divide reproduced. No successful drive towards increased public access to computer use and internet, except perhaps in the schools. Very few affordable cyber cafes. BZ?(  The causes of the failure ZSupply-led and top down efforts, either by the government, e.g. through the set-up of multi-purpose telecentres, or by the main telephony operators. Three deficiencies: lack of supply, not only of infrastructures, but also of appropriate contents and information sites, very high prices for internet dial-up offered by a monopolist operator (Telkom). lack of general ICT use capabilities, dP" P9.y.e     BAim: Attacking  Digital Poverty 6  Digital poverty: & the lack of goods and services based on ICTs (Barrantes, 2005:30). Should be perceived in a systemic way, with 3 main components: A supply component (the infrastructure to deliver the service is not in place) A demand component (the service cannot be afforded), A capability dimension (the skills to use the service are not available) 0"      "& in this project,'Activating all three components, but emphasising the content development and capability components, through a users-in-community approach An experimental pilot project where the scaling-up should be bottom-up , based on a civil society alliance of community activists and action researchers H(o                .Some  Nordic influence6  The Scandinavian School : Socio-Informatics (Department of Informatics, University of Oslo. Professor Kristen Nygaard) Emphasise technology systems as public utilities, and in order to be  util they must be user-based. For appropriate, against alienating and exploitative, technologies Emphasise the soft-ware and  info-ware of ICT Mobilise users joint  tacit knowledge , convert it to information systems ( info-ware ), as a basis for the societal rational use and democratisation of knowledge. nP!/    #                   +Theoretical approach: attempt to summarise ,,(H  VThe work for  Universal ICT access and services cannot succeed without mobilising the poor in changing info-wares Interventions should target collectives, not individuals be based on participatory learning methods, in order to enhance user capabilities and user-demanded contents / information ."      3 types of local contexts>Metropolitan urban (Durban) Other (smaller) urban, Rural. For each type of context, two communities ( treatment group and  control group ) selected with similar characteristics of poverty and access to ICT infrastructure and services B>" ;   @In each community, 3 types of users to be identified & organisedAA(t     Small and micro-scale entrepreneurs working in the informal economy (eg furniture makers/sellers, garment makers/sellers, fruit and vegetable sellers) Unemployed/job-seeking youth Community leaders concerned with the struggle for a common good, e.g. environment or against HIV/AIDS J" ^E  Q  e  13 types of demanded information to be facilitated22(P  Economic information. About: Jobs market. Skills required and how to require them. Political-social information. About: Availability of services. Public budgeting, Public funds and how to access them Information about the community itself. Incl. the network of communities. = Facilitated and maintained by  organic intellectuals of the communities. " PP" P6P(!Nv              JPlanned  action research , 2007-2010&&($ `A baseline study of the selected groups in the selected communities; A participatory learning process with the groups, resulting in the design of the subsequent (intervention) stage An intervention designed to accelerate the relevant use of ICTs among groups in some of these communities [which will be randomly selected as a  treatment group, while delaying the provision of this training by one year for the  control group;] An impact study - second wave of data collection. 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(2 I4Einar.braathen@nibr.no.--I4Il-@Arial-. 2 O Norwegian.-@Arial-. 2 O8 Institute.-@Arial-. *2 OLfor Urban and Regional .-@Arial-. 2 T<Research.-@Arial-. 2 TU(Oslo) h.-@Arial-. 2 [& Symposium .-@Arial-. 2 [BNetsudsh.-@Arial-. 2 [W , Dakar, 26.-@Arial-.  2 [p-.-@Arial-.  2 [r28. .-@Arial-. 2 `= November 2007.-՜.+,D՜.+,      bAffichage l'cranNIBRsoI ArialStandard utforming3ICT and poverty a community based user approachThe P-ICT-UREDiapositive 3The ICT and poverty project9Background: The failure of universal access to ICT in SAThe causes of the failure "Aim: Attacking Digital Poverty  in this projectSome Nordic influence,Theoretical approach: attempt to summarise 3 types of local contextsAIn each community, 3 types of users to be identified & organised23 types of demanded information to be facilitated&Planned action research, 2007-2010 Polices utilisesModle de conceptionTitres des diapositives 8@ _PID_HLINKSAtmailto:Einar.braathen@nibr.no"_Oo 2Dark VADORDark VADOR  !"#$%&'()*+,-./012345679:;<=>?ABCDEFGIJKLMNORRoot EntrydO)Current UserHSummaryInformation(8PowerPoint Document(soDocumentSummaryInformation8@