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O =59  LA RURAL-URBAN DIGITAL DIVIDE? Regional Aspects of Internet Use in Tanzania MM Agenda( Topic or research question Literature: The Digital Divide The study context: Internet use in Africa and Tanzania Data collection and methodology Empirical findings and discussion Conclusions, recommendations and future prospects<v vK2Y"Topic( In our paper, we take a closer look at the digital divide within Tanzania, a poor developing country in sub-Saharan Africa. Based on a survey performed in rural, semi-urban and central regions of the country, we investigated if there were any differences in quantity or quality of public Internet access points and their use and users. When studying the users, we concentrated on infrastructural, socio-economic, and demographic aspects.vv@[ '"T%9 W#Literature: The Digital Divide  Digital divide: the gulf between those who have ready access to computers and the Internet and those who do not. - The Concise Oxford English Dictionary Global, regional or national. At the national level: an urban-rural divide. t(OvKvKa'            !0!0v`*:Literature: A broader interpretation of the Digital Divide;; The digital divide will not be understood if it is viewed purely as a technological phenomenon. A broader interpretation is necessary. Kling (1999): Internet use is a question of social as well as technological access. Chen & Wellman (2004): socioeconomic status, gender, life stage, and geographic location affect people s access to and use of the Internet. Van Dijk (2006): the digital divide cannot be understood without addressing issues such as attitudes toward technology, & , and cultural analyses of lifestyles and daily usage patterns. Mosse and Sahay (2003): Attempts to deploy ICT in Mozambique face critical problems due to a culture that does not yet value the  efficient use of information . Kasusse (2005) found a mental divide, defined by illiteracy, command of English, and feelings of ease and familiarity with the technologies in Uganda.b0vPvP0vP(,:   N  Sktb,'Literature: Bridging the Digital Divide(( The first step in the direction of bridging the digital divide in a country is to provide access to the Internet in rural areas. (Kristiansen et. al, 2003): In developing countries, most Internet users gain access through public access points like Internet cafs (Liang & Ning, 2004): In China, Internet adoption in smaller cities will continue to grow with the popularization of Internet cafs. (Mathur & Ambani,2005): private profit-making institutions, like cybercafs, can provide aid to the rural societies in India. (Alhabshi,2004): In an area in Malaysia, which is politically marginalized and physically ignored, the digital divide is bridged by way of cybercafs. (Mutula, 2003): In Africa, the cybercafs have become important access points for a majority of Internet users. 8vP(8vP($ A"]-L zA?The study context: Internet use and PCs in Africa and Tanzania&@? ?The study context: Tanzania(0C$The study context: Tanzanian regions%% The paper is based on surveys (in the Kiswahili language) of users of Internet cafs in five towns in Tanzania in 2004: Dar es Salaam, urban and geographically central Morogoro, semi-urban Iringa, Mbeya and Songea rural and geographically distant {pvZpqZy#  #The study context: Tanzania k3Data collection and methodology( 0 Simple statistical analysis. of survey data Additional in-depth interviews with customers in Morogoro and Dar es Salaam Investigate ten variables across the three levels of rurality: Age Gender Education Employment Financial capacity Internet caf expenses Personal capability (skills and knowledge) Internet caf use frequency Internet experience Access flexibilityPvKPqFP ^(!EMPIRICAL FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION"" Based on the literature review, we found it suitable to group the digital divide into 4 categories: Infrastructural Socio-economic Demographic Cultural In this paper, we have looked at the first three categories, when studying the Internet caf users.fvKqK9qKqKevKf9e  $9 f/  d.!EMPIRICAL FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION""! c-!EMPIRICAL FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION""Socio-economic and demographic divide: The use and users are remarkably uniform. Out of ten investigated variables, only three (gender, age and total monthly expenditure) significantly differ across levels of centrality. Age/profession: Younger users and more students in rural areas Profession/access flexibility: A high portion of governmental employees among the rural users, while very few of those users have alternative Internet access at their work place. Gender: Low female share of the Internet caf users in rural areas -  a gender digital divide within Tanzania. Financial status: The rural users have only one third of the purchasing power but they spend almost the same amount of money on Internet caf fees. Education:. the Internet caf users are well-educated, and the users educational level is remarkably similar over the three regions. Personal capability: no significant differences.'vK0vKPvK&/h |l4!EMPIRICAL FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION""6Frequency and type of use: The use frequency has a remarkably minimal variation across the three sites, even if the rural users have considerably less money to use. Differences in type of use between the three research sites: The popularity index is based on importance of various forms of use during respondents current visit in the Internet caf. The users ranked the 13 alternatives by number 1 to 13 (1=most important), and the table is the result of the average values from the users rankings. Communications is ranked higher in the urban and semi-urban regions Information searching are the most popular rural activities. Does the use change over time?8vKPvKPvKPqKPvKPvKP  $  6    (  i2!EMPIRICAL FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION"" j0 Conclusions(   The digital divide concept is grouped into four categories: Infrastructural Socio-economic Demographic Cultural Within a developing country it is mainly an infrastructural divide. The users in Internet cafs are surprisingly uniform. The users are more  elite in the rural regions. There is a  gender divide .<vK; qK0vKP2 ;-)# ,  m5$Recommendations and future prospects(%$0Bridging this divide seems to be a combination of political and financial obstacles. Policy recommendations: To stimulate to set up public Internet access points. To give people in rural regions qualifications to utilise the Internet. To make Internet cafs more cultural attractive. Next step to study the cultural aspects. Limitation in our study: the lack of information about non-users. V0vKP20vKZ20qKZ*0vKZ2D0vKP2 M: fp 7 A0 * C o7LA RURAL-URBAN DIGITAL DIVIDE? Regional Aspects of Internet Use in TanzaniaMM3Thank you for listening! Any questions or comments?"4vK4(4 /lpqrstuvwxy z { |  ` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> /'(    6` P  ['Klikk for redigere tittelstil i malen( (  0   VKlikk for redigere tekststiler i malen Andre niv Tredje niv Fjerde niv Femte niv)     W  0t ``  X*  0 `   Z*  04 `   Z*H  0޽h ? ̙33 $Standard utforming 0 0 (     N]`f`f 5   n*  999UUrr  N_`f`f J e5  p*  999UUrrd  c $ ?&?  8  N|p`f`f ~ 05a  VKlikk for redigere tekststiler i malen Andre niv Tredje niv Fjerde niv Femte niv)     W   Tԃ`f`f 2   n*  999UUrr   T`f`f J e2  p*  999UUrrH  0 e" ? ̙3380___PPT10.ss  VN \( P60 \r \ S f@%    \ 00   n*School of Management Kristiansand, Norway(+*  y \ s *@ SYMPOSIUM NETSUDS 2007 Accs aux TIC et service universel en Afrique Sub-saharienne Comparaisons et dynamiques Campus universitaire AUF Dakar, 26-28 novembre 2007 Ho5X  \ 0`   \ 0$4 J  {-by Bjrn Furuholt and Stein Kristiansen... \ S JAuia_logo_engUiA logo j~  !0H \ 0޽h ? ̙33  :2@(  r  S    r  S 0    0Dr > 2H  0޽h ? ̙33  :2P(  r  S    r  S \0    0Pr > 2H  0޽h ? ̙33  PH`(  r  S      S 0  "p`Pp  0r > 2H  0޽h ? ̙33  :2(  r  S 8   r  S 9M/Y    04<r > 2H  0޽h ? ̙33  :2(  r  S u   r  S @/    0Ԩr > 2H  0޽h ? ̙33  [S+f(  r  S ˁ     0r > 2  0$p0 P > 2p ; c #""2h  <P? ; O13.38 @`  <@`? ; X @`  <d?  ; O15.17 @`  <Ձ? ; X @`  <4?h ; L2005 @`  <? h; MWorld @`  <?   N2.24 @`  <d?   X @`  <p?   N3.72 @`  <?   X @`  <?h   L2005 @`  <? h  NAfrica @`  <P#?   S 0.36 0.74   @`  <d,?   Y120,000 278,000 @`  <\.?    S 0.18 0.89   @`  <6?  Z 60,000 333,000 @`  <lD?h   Q 2001 2005   @`  <F? h  PTanzania   @`   <dT?  \PCs per 100 inhabit. @`   <]?  LPCs  @`   <p_?   ^Users per 100 inhabit. @`   <m?   WInternet users @`   <o?h  LYear @`  <}?h  V @``B   0o ?ZB ! s *1 ?  ZB " s *1 ?  ZB # s *1 ?  `B $ 0o ?;;`B % 0o ?;ZB & s *1 ?hh;ZB ' s *1 ?;ZB ( s *1 ?  ;ZB ) s *1 ?;ZB * s *1 ?;`B + 0o ?; Z 0x  DSource: ITU (2006) 2 f 0tzh K The digital divide is at its most extreme in Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa remains at the bottom of the list in Internet usage. In Sub-Saharan African countries, the divide between urban and rural areas is greatest in the world. $0vKPH  0޽h ? ̙33   8( ?`r3 x  c $䠂q     c $`zV >6___PPT9 (~ Multiparty democratic republic 37 million people One of the least urbanised African countries 45% each of Muslims and Christians and 10% of traditional beliefs. GDP (PPP) per capita: $700 Population below poverty line: 36 % Unemployment rate: 12.9 % Literacy rate: 78.2 % Average age: 17.6 Life expectancy at birth: 45.6.h!0vKPCvKG@vKvK  0r > 2H  0޽h ? ̙33#  +Cc( ^" r  S l   r  S (j    0Âr > 2  0˂0 P > 2p Y C #""7cdcY  Bׂ ?"`3 Y ` ( @`   Bl ?"` 3Y ` ( @`   B܂ ?"` Y _10.78((" @`   B ?"`^ Y c 4 682 545( ( " @`   B ?"` ^ Y oIringa-Mbeya-Songea*(" @`   BH ?"`3   ` ( @`  BX ?"` 3  ` ( @`  B  ?"`   _13.00((" @`  B  ?"`^  c 1 759 809( ( " @`  B\ ?"` ^  dMorogoro* (" @`  B ?"`3/   ` ( @`  Bx, ?"`/ 3  ` ( @`  B. ?"` /   _94.00((" @`  B( ?"`^ /  c 2 497 940( ( " @`  BE ?"`/ ^  i Dar es Salaam*( " @`  BLM ?"`3/  ` ( @`  BDU ?"`3/  ` ( @`  BW ?"` /  g % urban pop* ( " @`  Bf ?"`^  /  f Population* ( " @`  Bo ?"`^ /  bRegion*(" @`ZB  s *1 ?ZB  s *1 ?/ / ZB  s *1 ?  ZB  s *1 ?  ZB   s *1 ?YYZB ! s *1 ?YZB " s *1 ?^ ^ YZB # s *1 ?  YZB & s *1 ?YZB + s *1 ?3ZB , s *1 ?3ZB / s *1 ?3/ / ZB 3 s *1 ?3  ZB 7 s *1 ?3  ZB 9 s *1 ?3YYZB : s *1 ?Y3YZB < s *1 ?YH  0޽h ? ̙33b     (   r  S    pB  HDjJ`  jB  BDjJ x   <A ??dt   0w% CE  N 23  0c ~  N 23  0   N 23  @ 0 m P  N 23  0S s  N 23H  0޽h ? ̙330   &p(  r  S    r  S j1,    0Hr > 2  0t0 P > 2H  0޽h ? ̙33  @(  r  S DZ     0 r > 2  0t 0 P > 2  0ۃp  > 2x  c $zv  H  0޽h ? ̙33  ?7` (    0T6 > 2  0Zd6z > 2  0p,L w!EMPIRICAL FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION"(2"!l   0A  ??O  H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.pl  &#r(  r  S    p S n r #""6 fQ  B@ ?"`R n c668 935*(" @`  BI ?"`CR n ]7*(" @`  BK ?"` R Cn g10.780(& @`  BV ?"`R n k 4 682 5450 ( & @`  BD ?"`R n mIringa-Mbeya-Songea((" @`  BP[ ?"`5 R  c293 302*(" @`  B4a ?"`C5 R  ]6*(" @`  Bw ?"` 5 CR  g13.000(& @`  BD ?"`5 R  k 1 759 8090 ( & @`  B ?"`5 R  bMorogoro( (" @`  BH ?"` 5  b40 950*(" @`   B\ ?"`C 5  ^61*(" @`   B죆 ?"`  C5  g94.000(& @`   BT ?"` 5  k 2 497 9400 ( & @`   Bص ?"` 5  g Dar es Salaam(( " @`   Bľ ?"`S   i People per IC*( " @`  B ?"`CS   a# ICs*(" @`  Bφ ?"` S C  o % urban pop2 ( & @`  Bن ?"`S   n Population2 ( & @`  Bt ?"`S   bRegion*(" @`ZB  s *1 ?S S ZB  s *1 ?  ZB  s *1 ?5 5 ZB  s *1 ?R R ZB  s *1 ?nnZB  s *1 ?S nZB  s *1 ?S nZB   s *1 ? S nZB ! s *1 ?CS CnZB " s *1 ?S nZB # s *1 ?S n p 08Tw] / Infrastructural divide: There is a very clear geographical digital divide between urban and rural areas in terms of public internet access points, and access to the Internet. The Access Flexibility (number of alternative places to access the Internet) is very similar (and low) over the three sites. B0vKP 2$ H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.@}B*   (  r  S      0r > 2  080 P > 2  0p  > 2x  c $ <YY  H  0޽h ? ̙33   "(  r  S o(     0qp @ 2  0LuM G @ 2  0`xp R @ 2x  c $p(  H  0޽h ? ̙33H   (  r  S 8     0̈r > 2  00 P > 2  0‰p  > 2l  0A ?? ,   0Ɖjp > 2   0\ɉj P  jPopularity index (priority): 2H  0޽h ? ̙336   v(  r  S Ή     08щr > 2  0l p  > 2x  c $"/   H  0޽h ? ̙33    (   r   S D      0r > 2   0d 0 P > 2   0ډp  > 2x   c $ۉ/H  H   0޽h ? ̙33  2*0(  r  S /     02r > 2  050 P > 2  08p  > 2x  c $9"     04)   > 2H  0޽h ? ̙33 #0 - % p (  X  C  &?   %   S # ~ 05az  bZ___PPT9<4 U eThe Concise Oxford English Dictionary: digital divide: the gulf between those who have ready access to computers and the Internet and those who do not. Origins: Addressed the technology gap between rich and poor schools in USA, where studies showed that minorities, poor people, and residents of rural areas were less likely to have computers, access the Internet, or use new technologies than were whites and those financially better off. The term came into regular usage in the mid-1990's when US President Bill Clinton and Vice President Al Gore used the term in speeches. Global digital divide: The global disparities in access to the Internet and other information and communication technologies that propelled globalization and led to a digital divide between technological haves and have-nots. This was one of the central issues during the three-year World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) from 2003. The digital divide can be categorised as global, regional or national. The disparity in the intensity of ICT adoption among countries is wider than the disparities in their GDP per capita, indicating that the digital divide is also increasing and likely to become even more severe in the future . At the national level, there is an urban-rural digital divide. In developing countries in particular, we see clear tendencies of increased concentration of information flows to urban and central areas. Economically disadvantaged countries and rural and peripheral districts within these nations tend to fall further behind in human resource development as well as in economic progress and political participation. *'ZqZ ZZZ>ZjvKZcqKZZ&    a         )              3    |  %              c     n% o (!0%!0'5!0 !0&!0!0]H  0 e" ? ̙3380___PPT10.֝{q >*0  N(   X   C  &?      S   ~ 05aV  >6___PPT9 Even if the access oriented definition is commonly used in literature and everyday discussions, the digital divide will not be understood if it is viewed purely as a technological phenomenon. A broader interpretation of the digital divide is necessary. Kling (1999) argued that Internet use is a question of social as well as technological access. Technological access refers to infrastructure and the physical availability of computer hardware and software, while social access refers to the mix of professional knowledge, economic resources, and technical skills required for the use of ICT. Chen & Wellman (2004) were looking at Internet use in eight countries. where socioeconomic status, gender, life stage, and geographic location significantly affected people s access to and use of the Internet. The intersection of socioeconomic status, gender, age, language and geographic location tend to increase the digital divide in mutually reinforcing ways within and between countries. The largest gap is between better-educated, affluent, younger, English speaking men in developed cities and less-educated, poor, older, non-English speaking women in underdeveloped rural areas. Mosse and Sahay (2003) tell that attempts to deploy ICT in Mozambique face critical problems due to a variety of constraints ranging from inadequate infrastructure to manpower shortages, to a culture that does not yet value the  efficient use of information . Van Dijk (2006) claims that the digital divide cannot be understood without addressing issues such as attitudes toward technology, the channels used in new media diffusion, educational views of digital skills, and cultural analyses of lifestyles and daily usage patterns. Kasusse (2005) has investigated the strategies of bridging the digital divide in Uganda. Even as communication barriers fell, he found that new divides had emerged and Internet access, is still mostly non-existent for the 90% of Ugandans who live away from Kampala, due to a mental divide, defined by illiteracy, command of English, and feelings of ease and familiarity with these technologies. vZ0vZ(Z` H f  , #   /  l (z H   0 e" ? ̙3380___PPT10.םg2,0 XP$(  $X $ C  &?   P $ S  ~ 05aT  <4___PPT9 .Even if we agree in a broad definition of the digital divide concept, the first step in the direction of bridging the digital divide in a country is to provide access to the Internet in rural areas. In developing countries, most Internet users gain access through public access points like Internet cafs (Kristiansen et. al, 2003). In China, Liang & Ning (2004) predicts that Internet adoption in smaller cities will continue to grow with the popularization of Internet cafs. Mathur & Ambani (2005) claim that private profit-making institutions, like cybercafs, can develop solutions to capture the hitherto unrecognized markets, make profits, and at the same time provide aid to the rural societies in India. From Malaysia, Alhabshi (2004) reports that in an area, which is politically marginalized and physically ignored, the digital divide is bridged by way of structurally poor and financially weak cybercafs. In a study of cybercaf industry in Africa, Mutula (2003) states that they have become important access points for a majority of Internet users. .(v(J A"smipZ|HH $ 0 e" ? ̙3380___PPT10.ם@:X 0   (, (  (X ( C  &?     ( S  ~ 05aT  <4___PPT9  At the regional level, Africa is in a particularly bad condition. According to the UN ICT Task Force (2002), the digital divide is at its most extreme in Africa, where the use of ICT is still at a very early stage of development compared to other regions of the world. Sub-Saharan Africa remains at the bottom of the list of developing regions in Internet usage surveys around the world and we will, for instance, see that Sub-Saharan Africa have only one-third of the Internet penetration compared to North Africa or one-thirtieth of the European penetration (ITU, 2006). According to UN ICT Task Force (2002), in Sub-Saharan African countries, the divide between urban and rural areas is even greater than in the rest of the world. Most of the services and users are concentrated in the towns, while the majority of Africans are scattered in small communities spread-out across vast rural areas. Very limited diffusion of the telecommunications networks into rural areas (often over 75 percent of the country s telephone lines are concentrated in the capital city) and irregular or non-existent electricity supplies are a common feature and a major barrier to the use of ICT, especially outside the major towns. &vH ( 0 e" ? ̙3380___PPT10.םpgNn20 ,B(  ,X , C  &?    , S p ~ 05a   DDar es Salaam is a typical urban and geographically central region, while Iringa, Mbeya and Songea are rural and geographically distant. Based on the geographical position, the infrastructure and the public services, we have classified Morogoro as semi-urban in this regard.H , 0 e" ? ̙3380___PPT10.ם30 0(00(  0X 0 C  &?   ( 0 S H ~ 05ab  JB___PPT9$ p In examination of survey data, we have used simple statistical analysis. A number of additional in-depth interviews with customers in Morogoro and Dar es Salaam have helped us in interpreting statistical findings. In our statistical analyses, we investigate ten variables across the three levels of rurality: The operationalisation of variables like age and gender is obvious. For the education variable, we make the distinction between three levels, namely elementary, high school, and university. In the analyses, we count the number of years in schooling. For the employment variable, we make a distinction between the following categories: student, self employed, government employee, private company employee, and unemployed. Financial capacity and Internet caf expenses are measured by respondents reported monthly expenditures (in Tanzanian shillings, Tsh). Skills and knowledge is measured by the respondents perception of their own skills and knowledge in computer and Internet usage and English language proficiency (1=beginner, 5=advanced) and personal capability is the sum of the three numbers. Internet caf use frequency is measured as the number of days per month the user reports to visit an Internet caf and the hours spent per visit. Internet experience is measured as the number of years since the respondents started using the Internet, and, at last, the access flexibility is measured by the number of various venues through which the respondents report that they can access the Internet. A number that is higher than 1 means that a respondent has access to the Internet in other venues than Internet cafs.<:v-: )            [    "  w  h   D/%H 0 0 e" ? ̙3380___PPT10.؝p:(0 YQP4(  4X 4 C  &?   Q 4 S  ~ 05aT  <4___PPT9 Based on the literature review, we found it suitable to group the digital divide into 4 categories: Infrastructural, socio-economic, demographic, and cultural. The infrastructural digital divide is the basic one, dealing with physical access to ICT resources and to the Internet. The socio-economic category is about financial, educational and geographical conditions, while ordinary demographic dimensions, like age, gender, marital status, and ethnicity constitute the third group. The cultural category is difficult to define exactly, but it consists of elements like motivation, attitudes (for example to information and technology), and religion. In this paper, we have looked at the first three categories, when studying the Internet caf users. fevK@qKTvKe@U$8 H 4 0 e" ? ̙3380___PPT10.؝(/0 p8 (  8X 8 C  &?    8 S @> ~ 05a   "H 8 0 e" ? ̙3380___PPT10.؝ H, .0 <<(  <X < C  &?    < S  ~ 05a   >Infrastructural divide: There is a very clear geographical digital divide between urban and rural areas in terms of public internet access points, and access to the Internet. The table shows that there are 16 times more people per Internet caf in the rural regions of Iringa, Mbeya and Songea compared to urban Dar es Salaam, and in the semi-urban region, Morogoro, there are 7 times more people per caf. Infrastructural / socio-economic divide : We are a little surprised by the lack of variation in access flexibility. It is generally low. On average, the number of alternative places to access the Internet is very similar over the three sites, even if there are some differences between the access possibilities at work. This indicates that, except for the Internet caf density, there is no difference in people s chance of finding places to use the Internet. .e*$ LH < 0 e" ? ̙3380___PPT10.؝`,Ӄ -0 2 * @(  @X @ C  &?   * @ S / ~ 05aV  >6___PPT9 ~On the other hand, we found that the use and users of the cafs in the three different areas are remarkably uniform, which, to some degree, question the described socio-economic or demographic aspects of the digital divide between urban and rural parts of a developing country. Out of ten investigated variables, only three (gender, age and total monthly expenditure) significantly differ across levels of centrality. There are, however a few other, smaller, differences, worthy of commenting socio-economic and demographic divide (age/profession): The descriptive statistics show that the semi-urban users are youngest, and also the rural users are younger than the urban users in Dar es Salaam. This combined with the lower share of students in Dar es Salaam, shows that young people, and in particular students represent a main user group in rural areas. This is in accordance with a study from Indonesia which states that the early Internet caf market in developing countries is characterised by students and  youngsters (Wahid et. al., 2004). It also supports the  life stage divide , pointed to by Chen & Wellman (2004). socio-economic and infrastructural divide (profession/access flexibility): Looking closer to the combination of the users profession and the number of alternatives for Internet access, we see that there is a high portion of governmental employees among the rural users, while very few of those users have alternative Internet access at their work place. This confirms the SIDA (2001) assertion, that the level of automation (in the governmental sector) is low and is exacerbated by shortage of skills, equipment and money. demographic divide (gender): While the female share of the Internet caf users is close to 40% in the urban areas, it is only 25% in Iringa, Mbeya and Songea. These numbers illustrate the difference in public participation between the two genders in developing countries in general, and in rural areas in particular, indicating that there is a  gender digital divide within Tanzania. socio-economic divide (financial status): The users financial status, represented by their own stated monthly expenditure, shows a significant and interesting difference between the rural and the urban/semi-urban regions. The rural users have only one third of the purchasing power compared to the two other groups. At the same time, they spend almost the same amount of money on Internet caf fees. One probable explanation is the informal economy in the rural, agriculture based areas. Due to an extensive barter economy, people neither have, nor need cash to the same degree as in the urban regions. This is, of course, a serious limitation to the spread of commercial Internet caf business to these areas. socio-economic divide (education): As presented in table 4, the users educational level is remarkably similar. The average number of years in school varies by less than two percent over the three regions. Around one-third of the users, with marginal difference between rural and urban areas, have got some university education. The main impression is that the Internet caf users are well-educated, which is also well documented in the literature (e.g. Chachage, 2001; Mwesige, 2004; Haseloff, 2005). socio-economic divide (personal capability): The personal capability value is a little higher for the rural users, mainly due to their perception of their own English language competence. The difference is, however, not statistically significant and has no obvious explanation other than random variations. jZvKPvKPOvKP.PvKPP!/ ("  ( +<&@:   H @ 0 e" ? ̙3380___PPT10.؝𽕚40 rjD(  DX D C  &?   j D S  ~ 05aV  >6___PPT9 Frequency and type of use The semi-urban users from Morogoro are more frequent users of Internet cafs than rural or urban users. The difference is marginal, however, and is in accordance with the monthly spending on Internet caf fees. The use frequency has a remarkably minimal variation across the three sites, even if the rural users have considerably less money to use. Differences in type of use between the three research sites. The popularity index (table 5) is based on questions in the survey regarding the importance of various forms of use during respondents current visit in the Internet caf. The users ranked the 13 alternatives by number 1 to 13 (1=most important), and the table is the result of the average values from the users rankings. The correspondence between the three rankings is more striking than the differences, showing that the use of Internet cafs seems rather uniform across the levels of centrality. It is worth noticing, however, that communication (e-mail and chatting) are ranked higher in the urban and semi-urban regions, while information searching activities (information seeking, research, and reading news) are all together the most popular rural activities. The reason for the lower communication ranking in the rural regions might be the low number of Internet users in that area. People in Iringa, Mbeya and Songea have fewer people to communicate with, on the net, than people in urban parts of the country. In their research from Indonesia, Wahid et al. (2006) have found that the purpose of Internet usage in Internet cafs change over time. With higher education, there is a tendency to use the Web access in Internet cafs for more  serious purposes. Also our data reveal that well educated people in the rural areas use their Internet access for more instrumental purposes, like information seeking and research. vKvK     5   H     {  OH D 0 e" ? ̙3380___PPT10.؝ " 00   H2 (  HX H C  &?     H S Չ ~ 05af  NF___PPT9(  bIn general, we have found it suitable to group the digital divide concept into four categories, infrastructural, socio-economic, demographic, and cultural divide. Our study tells that the digital divide within a developing country like Tanzania is first and foremost a infrastructural divide, a question of differences in the possibility of access to the Internet and ICT in rural and urban areas. The Internet users in Internet cafs are surprisingly uniform over the three levels of centrality. We can see, however, some small traces of difference between urban and rural Internet users, in the way that the users are becoming more  elite in the rural regions, where access is scarce. Rural users tend to be younger, better educated, and they are willing to spend relatively more money on Internet use. They are also, to some degree, using the net for more  instrumental purposes, like research and information seeking. Another, more obvious difference, is the  gender divide  showing that the share of female users is considerably lower in rural regions. avKG vKvKvKvKO  Gj     !   *  T :)k  H H 0 e" ? ̙3380___PPT10.؝ 50 p h L (  LX L C  &?   h  L S  ~ 05a  nf___PPT9H@  It is mainly a technological divide but the problems when it comes to bridging this divide seem to be a combination of political and financial obstacles. Our policy recommendation is therefore to make the conditions favourable for entrepreneurs, organisations and local communities to set up public Internet access points, and to give people in rural and geographical distant regions the same necessary qualifications to utilise the Internet for their own human development, and thus bridge the divide. How ICs can be more cultural attractive?   official use, local communities responsibility, etc. Even if we mainly have studied the first three groups, we are aware of the cultural aspects and see that studying this dimension as a next step, might bring us into an uncovered and interesting field of research. Another limitation in our study is the lack of information about non-users. To expand the knowledge of the digital divide within countries, we need to know more about the  have nots , the people that are not using the Internet and ICT today. 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